Nonlinear Crystal BaGa2GeS6: Properties & Research

Characteristics of BaGa₂GeS₆ Crystal

Structural and Physical Properties

  • Crystal symmetry: trigonal
  • Space group: R3
  • Cell parameters:
  • a = 9.602 Å
  • c = 8.690 Å
  • Melting point: 983°C
  • Absorption coefficient: <0.005 cm⁻¹

Optical and Nonlinear Optical Properties

  • Optical transmission range: 0.41–12 μm
  • Energy gap: 3.37 eV
  • Optical damage threshold: 14 J/cm²

Key Publications

  1. Crystal Growth and Characterization of New Quaternary Chalcogenide Nonlinear Crystals for the Mid-IR: BaGa₂GeS₆ and BaGa₂GeSe₆
  • Authors: Valeriy V. Badikov, Dmitrii V. Badikov, Vladimir B. Laptev, Konstantin V. Mitin, Galina S. Shevyrdyaeva, Nadezhda I. Shchebetova, and Valentin Petrov
  • Published in: Optical Materials Express, Vol. 6, Issue 9, pp. 2933-2938 (2016)
  • DOI: 10.1364/OME.6.002933
  1. Quaternary BaGa₂GeS₆ and BaGa₂GeSe₆ Nonlinear Crystals for the Mid-IR Spectral Range
  • Authors: Valeriy V. Badikov, Dmitrii V. Badikov, Vladimir B. Laptev, Konstantin V. Mitin, Galina S. Shevyrdyaeva, Nadezhda I. Shchebetova, and Valentin Petrov
  • Published in: Lasers Congress 2016 (ASSL, LSC, LAC) OSA Technical Digest, paper ATu5A.2 (2016)
  • DOI: 10.1364/ASSL.2016.ATu5A.2
  1. Phonon Spectrum of Nonlinear BaGa₂GeS₆ Crystal
  • Authors: Budkin I.V., Klimin S.A., Mavrin B.N., Badikov V.V., Badikov D.V.
  • Published in: Modern Problems of Physics and Technologies, тезисы докладов VI International Youth Scientific School-Conference, Moscow, 2017
  1. Phonon Spectrum of Nonlinear BaGa₂GeS₆ Crystal: Optical Spectroscopy and Ab Initio Calculation
  • Authors: Budkin I.V., Mavrin B.N., Klimin S.A., Badikov D.V., Badikov V.V.
  • Published in: Optics and Spectroscopy of Condensed Media, materials of the XXIII International Conference, Krasnodar, 2017
  1. Ab Initio Simulation of Phonon and Electronic Properties of BaGa₂GeS₆ Crystal with Disordering in Ga-Ge Sublattice
  • Authors: Mavrin B.N., Klimin S.A., Badikov D.V., Badikov V.V.
  • Published in: International Conference on Computer Simulation in Physics and beyond, Moscow, 2017
  1. Measurement of Thermal Properties of Nonlinear Optical Materials over a Wide Temperature Range
  • Authors: Jean Wei, Valeriy Badikov, Valentin Petrov, and Shekhar Guha
  • Published in: Advanced Photonics 2018, OSA Technical Digest, paper NoM3J.3 (2018)
  • DOI: 10.1364/NOMA.2018.NoM3J.3

Review of scientific articles on BaGa2​GeS6

Year

Authors and journal

Topic

Result

Significance/application

2026

Erushin et al., Infrared Physics & Technology

OPO based on BaGa2​GeS6​

Pulse energy >2 mJ at 6,45 µm

Demonstration of high energy efficiency for the mid‑IR range

2026

Erushin et al., Optical Materials

Widely tunable OPO pumped by Nd:YAG (1064 nm)

Broad tunability in the mid‑IR with high stability

Spectroscopy and sensing applications

2025

Kinyaevskiy et al., JETP Letters

Femtosecond pulse generation via difference‑frequency mixing

Broadband pulses (5,2–10 µm)

Use of a Ti:sapphire laser and BGGS

2025

Suleimanova et al., UltrafastLight 2025

THz radiation generation in BGGS and BaGa2​GeSe6​

Generation of narrowband THz radiation

THz spectroscopy and communications

2024

Migal et al., Optics Letters

Broadband high‑power OPA pumped at 1,24 µm

Achievement of gigawatt‑level power in the mid‑IR

New pump wavelength demonstration

2024

Ionin et al., Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute

Study of BGGS nonlinearity via sum‑frequency generation with a CO laser

Determination of nonlinear coefficients for Type I and Type II phase matching

2023

Kato et al., SPIE Proceedings

Sellmeier equations and thermo‑optic dispersion for BGGS

Accurate formulas for calculating phase‑matching angles

Design of optical systems

2021

Petrov et al., Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Characterisation of barium nonlinear crystals for the mid‑IR range

Compilation of BGGS properties within the material family context

2016

Badikov et al., Optics Materials Express

Growth and characterisation of BaGa2​GeS6​ and BaGa2​GeSe6​

First data on the crystals, demonstration of nonlinear properties

Introduction of BGGS as a new material for nonlinear optics

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1.  E.Yu. Erushin, S.E. Sere, M.V. Vostrikova, A.A. Boyko, G.S. Shevyrdyaeva, D.V. Badikov, A.A. Karapuzikov, N.Yu. Kostyukova, An optical parametric oscillator based on BaGa2GeS6 with energy exceeding 2 mJ at 6.45 μm, Infrared Physics & Technology, Volume 154, 2026, 106393, ISSN 1350-4495,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106393.


2. Kinyaevskiy, I.O., Ionin, M.V., Koribut, A.V. et al. Generation of Broadband Femtosecond Pulses in the Mid-Infrared Range by Difference-Frequency Generation of Ti:Sapphire Laser Pulses in a BaGa2GeS6 Crystal. Jetp Lett. 122, 659–664 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0021364025609546


3.  E S Zatsepin, A V Veselovskiy, A S Sabanin, D V Badikov, G Kh Kitaeva, S P Kulik and A V Paterova, Generation of spontaneous parametric down conversion from BaGa2GeS6 crystal, Laser Physics Letters, Volume 23, Number 1.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1612-202X/ae2df9


4.  E.Yu. Erushin, S.E. Sere, M.V. Vostrikova, A.A. Boyko, G.S. Shevyrdyaeva, D.V. Badikov, N.Yu. Kostyukova, Widely tunable mid-infrared BaGa2GeS6 optical parametric oscillator pumped at 1064 nm by Nd:YAG laser, Optical Materials, Volume 169, 2026,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117610


5.  D. Z. Suleimanova, Ekaterina Migal, Dmitry Badikov, Fedor Potemkin; Generation of narrowband terahertz radiation in novel quaternary BaGa2GeS6 and BaGa2GeSe6 crystals. Conference: IX International Conference on Ultrafast Optical Science UltrafastLight-2025, At: Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Sep 2025.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/400430932

 

6.  M. V. Ionin, I. O. Kinyaevskiy, A. V. Koribut, Ya. V. Grudtsyn and D. V. Badikov, Generation of femtosecond pulses within wavelength range from 5.2 to 10 μm with BaGa2GeS6 nonlinear crystal, IX International Conference on Ultrafast Optical Science UltrafastLight-2025, September 2025.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/400430282


7.  E. Yu. Erushin, S. E. Sere, M. V. Vostrikova, A. A. Boyko, G. S. Shevyrdyaeva, D. V. Badikov and N. Yu. Kostyukova. Widely tunable in the mid-IR BaGa2GeS6 optical parametric oscillator. Conference: IX International Conference on Ultrafast Optical Science UltrafastLight-2025. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Sep 2025

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/400430211  

 

8.  E. Erushin, S. Sere, M. Vostrikova, A. Boyko, G. Shevyrdyaeva, D. Badikov, N. Kostyukova. Mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator based onBaGa2GeS6 crystal. Conference: 32nd INTERNAT IONAL CONFERENCE "ADVANCED LASER TECHNOLOGIES" (ALT’25). Sep 2025

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/400430487


9.  Evgenii Erushin, Dmitry Badikov, Kostyukov Anton, Andrey Boyko, Galina Shevyrdyaeva, Gadzhimet Safaraliev & Nadezhda Kostyukova. Laser-induced damage threshold of sulfur-containing crystals of barium chalcogenides. Applied Physics B, 131, 11 (2025).

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-024-08374-y


10.  E.Y. Erushin, A.A. Boyko, G.S. Shevyrdyaeva, D.V. Badikov, N.Y. Kostyukova. Nonlinear absorption and refraction study of barium chalcogenide crystals. Optical Materials, Volume 157, Part 2, 2024, 116275, ISSN 0925-3467,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116275


11.  E. A. Migal, D. Z. Suleimanova, D. V. Badikov, and F. V. Potemkin, "Unlocking superior performance of broadband powerful mid-IR optical parametric amplifiers with a BaGa2GeS6 crystal pumped at 1.24 µm," Opt. Lett. 49, 4537-4540 (2024)

https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.533745


12.  Ionin, M.V., Ionin, A.A., Kinyaevsky, I.O. et al. A Study of Effective Nonlinearity of BaGa2GeS6 Crystal by CO Laser Sum-Frequency Generation with Type-I and Type-II Phase Matching. Bull. Lebedev Phys. Inst. 51 (Suppl 10), S862–S869 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068335624601365

 

13.  E. A. Migal, D. Z. Suleimanova, D. V. Badikov and F. V. Potemkin. Gigawatt few-cycle mid-IR pulses generated from advanced non-oxide nonlinear crystals. 2024 International Conference Laser Optics (ICLO), Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 2024, pp. 276-276,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iclo59702.2024.10624459

 

14.  Kostyukova, N.; Erushin, E.; Boyko, A.; Shevyrdyaeva, G.; Badikov, D. Barium Chalcogenide Crystals: A Review. Photonics 2024, 11, 281.

https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11030281


15.  Kiyoshi Kato, Nobuhiro Umemura, Valeriy V. Badikov, Dmitrii V. Badikov, Takayuki Okamoto, Kentaro Miyata, and Valentin Petrov. Sellmeier and thermo-optic dispersion formulas for BaGa2GeS6. Proc. SPIE 12405, Nonlinear Frequency Generation and Conversion: Materials and Devices XXII, 124050E (14 March 2023).

https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2648272


16.  Kiyoshi Kato, Nobuhiro Umemura, Valeriy V. Badikov, Dmitrii V. Badikov, and Valentin Petrov, "Temperature-dependent phase-matching properties of BaGa2GeS6 in the 0.767–10.5910 µm spectral range," Appl. Opt. 61, 10774-10777 (2022)

https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.476853

 

17.  Valentin Petrov, Valeriy V. Badikov, Dmitrii V. Badikov, Kiyoshi Kato, Galina S. Shevyrdyaeva, Kentaro Miyata, Mark Mero, Li Wang, Zsuzsanna Heiner, and Vladimir L. Panyutin, "Barium nonlinear optical crystals for the mid-IR: characterization and some applications," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 38, B46-B58 (2021)

https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.425169

 

18.  J. Wei, V. Badikov, V. Petrov, and S. Guha, "Measurement of Thermal Properties of Nonlinear Optical Materials over a Wide Temperature Range," in Advanced Photonics 2018 (BGPP, IPR, NP, NOMA, Sensors, Networks, SPPCom, SOF), OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optica Publishing Group, 2018), paper NoM3J.3.

https://doi.org/10.1364/NOMA.2018.NoM3J.3

 

19.  V. V. Badikov, D. V. Badikov, V. B. Laptev, K. V. Mitin, G. S. Shevyrdyaeva, N. I. Shchebetova, and V. Petrov, "Quaternary BaGa2GeS6 and BaGa2GeSе6 Nonlinear Crystals for the Mid-IR Spectral Range," in Lasers Congress 2016 (ASSL, LSC, LAC), OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optica Publishing Group, 2016), paper ATu5A.2.

https://doi.org/10.1364/ASSL.2016.ATu5A.2

 

20.  Valeriy V. Badikov, Dmitrii V. Badikov, Vladimir B. Laptev, Konstantin V. Mitin, Galina S. Shevyrdyaeva, Nadezhda I. Shchebetova, and Valentin Petrov, "Crystal growth and characterization of new quaternary chalcogenide nonlinear crystals for the mid-IR: BaGa2GeS6 and BaGa2GeSe6," Opt. Mater. Express 6, 2933-2938 (2016)

https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.6.002933

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